feat: append-only audit trail for all mutations (P0)

- Database: kanzlai.audit_log table with RLS, append-only policies
  (no UPDATE/DELETE), indexes for entity, user, and time queries
- Backend: AuditService.Log() with context-based tenant/user/IP/UA
  extraction, wired into all 7 services (case, deadline, appointment,
  document, note, party, tenant)
- API: GET /api/audit-log with entity_type, entity_id, user_id,
  from/to date, and pagination filters
- Frontend: Protokoll tab on case detail page with chronological
  audit entries, diff preview, and pagination

Required by § 50 BRAO and DSGVO Art. 5(2).

backend/internal/auth/context.go

@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ import (
 type contextKey string
 
 const (
-	userIDKey   contextKey = "user_id"
-	tenantIDKey contextKey = "tenant_id"
+	userIDKey    contextKey = "user_id"
+	tenantIDKey  contextKey = "tenant_id"
+	ipKey        contextKey = "ip_address"
+	userAgentKey contextKey = "user_agent"
 )
 
 func ContextWithUserID(ctx context.Context, userID uuid.UUID) context.Context {
@@ -30,3 +32,23 @@ func TenantFromContext(ctx context.Context) (uuid.UUID, bool) {
 	id, ok := ctx.Value(tenantIDKey).(uuid.UUID)
 	return id, ok
 }
+
+func ContextWithRequestInfo(ctx context.Context, ip, userAgent string) context.Context {
+	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, ipKey, ip)
+	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, userAgentKey, userAgent)
+	return ctx
+}
+
+func IPFromContext(ctx context.Context) *string {
+	if v, ok := ctx.Value(ipKey).(string); ok && v != "" {
+		return &v
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func UserAgentFromContext(ctx context.Context) *string {
+	if v, ok := ctx.Value(userAgentKey).(string); ok && v != "" {
+		return &v
+	}
+	return nil
+}

backend/internal/auth/middleware.go

@@ -46,6 +46,13 @@ func (m *Middleware) RequireAuth(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 		}
 		ctx = ContextWithTenantID(ctx, tenantID)
 
+		// Capture IP and user-agent for audit logging
+		ip := r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-For")
+		if ip == "" {
+			ip = r.RemoteAddr
+		}
+		ctx = ContextWithRequestInfo(ctx, ip, r.UserAgent())
+
 		next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
 	})
 }